Crop Science
Principles of crop production, plant breeding, and crop management.
Agriculture and Crop Science
Build the conceptual and Philippine context needed before you study crops, plant processes, and production practices.
6 lessons
World and Domestic Food Situation
TOS Alignment
A.1.2: Examine the current Philippine agriculture in relation to sustainable production.
A.1.3: Illustrate the development of Agriculture, the scope, history and present situation of Philippine Agriculture.
A.1.4: Apply the present innovations of Agriculture to the challenges in food production.
H.1.1: Identify the concepts and value of crop production to food security.
I.1.1: Identify desirable characteristics of site for a crop production enterprise.
I.1.2: Associate crop vis-a-vis environment for optimum yield in a particular site.
Philippine Population, Food Supply, and Agriculture
TOS Alignment
A.1.2: Examine the current Philippine agriculture in relation to sustainable production.
A.1.3: Illustrate the development of Agriculture, the scope, history and present situation of Philippine Agriculture.
A.1.4: Apply the present innovations of Agriculture to the challenges in food production.
A.2.2: Appraise present Agriculture innovations to improve food production.
State and Modernization of Philippine Agriculture
TOS Alignment
A.1.2: Examine the current Philippine agriculture in relation to sustainable production.
A.1.3: Illustrate the development of Agriculture, the scope, history and present situation of Philippine Agriculture.
A.1.4: Apply the present innovations of Agriculture to the challenges in food production.
A.2.1: Compare the current government programs with that of the traditional practices to address food security and sustainability.
A.2.2: Appraise present Agriculture innovations to improve food production.
Importance of Agriculture to Society and Economy
TOS Alignment
A.1.1: Define Agriculture in various contexts.
A.1.2: Examine the current Philippine agriculture in relation to sustainable production.
A.1.3: Illustrate the development of Agriculture, the scope, history and present situation of Philippine Agriculture.
A.1.4: Apply the present innovations of Agriculture to the challenges in food production.
A.2.1: Compare the current government programs with that of the traditional practices to address food security and sustainability.
A.2.2: Appraise present Agriculture innovations to improve food production.
A.2.3: Explain the principles and applications of Biotechnology, Patents and other directions in Agriculture.
F.2.1: Identify biotechnology tools used in crop improvement.
G.1.1: Define sustainable crop production.
G.1.2: Determine the fundamental concepts of sustainable agriculture.
G.1.3: Assess the adequacy of sustainable crop production for food security and climate-change mitigation.
G.2.1: Employ the various techniques applied in sustainable crop production.
G.2.2: Describe the importance of sustainable crop production to the environment and biodiversity.
H.3.1: Analyze the concept on pre and postharvest factors as they affect postharvest quality of crops.
H.3.2: Enumerate the harvesting and post-production practices in different crops.
Crop Science as a Field of Study
TOS Alignment
A.1.1: Define Agriculture in various contexts.
A.1.3: Illustrate the development of Agriculture, the scope, history and present situation of Philippine Agriculture.
E.2.3: Demonstrate the importance of varietal selection for crop production.
G.2.2: Describe the importance of sustainable crop production to the environment and biodiversity.
H.1.1: Identify the concepts and value of crop production to food security.
H.1.2: Distinguish basic production practices suitable for specific crops.
I.1.1: Identify desirable characteristics of site for a crop production enterprise.
I.1.2: Associate crop vis-a-vis environment for optimum yield in a particular site.
Classification of Crops
Classification systems, nomenclature, crop groups, edible-part and ornamental-use subgroups, special functional and ecological groups, geographic distribution, names, varieties, and production references.
6 lessons
Purpose and Systems of Crop Classification
TOS Alignment
B.1.3: Discriminate crops based on their agricultural classification.
B.1.4: Determine the different methods used in classifying crops.
B.1.5: Differentiate crops based on their binomial nomenclature and taxonomy.
B.1.6: Illustrate the importance of classifying crops.
B.1.7: Apply the different systems of plant classification based on use and functionality.
Botanical Classification and Binomial Nomenclature
TOS Alignment
B.1.4: Determine the different methods used in classifying crops.
B.1.5: Differentiate crops based on their binomial nomenclature and taxonomy.
Classification by Growth Habit, Life Cycle, and Reproduction
TOS Alignment
B.1.3: Discriminate crops based on their agricultural classification.
B.1.4: Determine the different methods used in classifying crops.
B.1.5: Differentiate crops based on their binomial nomenclature and taxonomy.
F.1.1: Recall the basic concepts in genetics.
H.1.2: Distinguish basic production practices suitable for specific crops.
H.2.1: Choose the various types of planting materials for a specific crop.
H.2.3: Recommend appropriate methods and practices of plant propagation suitable to a crop.
Classification by Climate, Temperature, and Photoperiod
TOS Alignment
B.1.2: Compare the origin and geographic distribution of different high-value crops.
B.1.3: Discriminate crops based on their agricultural classification.
B.1.4: Determine the different methods used in classifying crops.
D.1.5: Indicate the different factors affecting each physiological process in plants.
Classification Based on Economic Purpose
TOS Alignment
B.1.1: Identify major and minor agricultural crops grown in the Philippines.
B.1.3: Discriminate crops based on their agricultural classification.
B.1.4: Determine the different methods used in classifying crops.
B.1.7: Apply the different systems of plant classification based on use and functionality.
C.1.6: Assess the importance of classifying crops by economic purpose.
Special Crop Groups
TOS Alignment
B.1.3: Discriminate crops based on their agricultural classification.
B.1.4: Determine the different methods used in classifying crops.
B.1.7: Apply the different systems of plant classification based on use and functionality.
Nature and Composition of Crop Plants
Cells, organelles, detailed tissues and tissue systems, vascular transport, roots, stems, leaves, flowers, seed structure and storage behavior, and detailed fruit classification.
7 lessons
Plant Cell Structure and Function
TOS Alignment
C.1.1: Identify the different plant parts.
C.1.2: Relate the major parts of the plants (leaf, stem, shoot, flower, and fruit) to their functions.
C.1.3: Classify major plant parts and their importance in agriculture.
C.1.4: Establish the role of plant parts in growth and development.
C.1.5: Compare the role of each plant part according to their functions.
Cell Wall, Cytoplasm, and Organelles
TOS Alignment
C.1.1: Identify the different plant parts.
C.1.2: Relate the major parts of the plants (leaf, stem, shoot, flower, and fruit) to their functions.
C.1.4: Establish the role of plant parts in growth and development.
C.1.5: Compare the role of each plant part according to their functions.
Plant Tissues and Tissue Systems
TOS Alignment
C.1.1: Identify the different plant parts.
C.1.2: Relate the major parts of the plants (leaf, stem, shoot, flower, and fruit) to their functions.
C.1.4: Establish the role of plant parts in growth and development.
C.1.5: Compare the role of each plant part according to their functions.
Vascular Tissues: Xylem and Phloem
TOS Alignment
C.1.1: Identify the different plant parts.
C.1.2: Relate the major parts of the plants (leaf, stem, shoot, flower, and fruit) to their functions.
C.1.3: Classify major plant parts and their importance in agriculture.
C.1.4: Establish the role of plant parts in growth and development.
C.1.5: Compare the role of each plant part according to their functions.
D.1.3: Identify the major processes involved in plant development.
D.1.4: Relate the physiological processes with various factors affecting crop production.
D.1.5: Indicate the different factors affecting each physiological process in plants.
E.1.3: Explain the importance of the various environmental factors affecting growth, development and yield of crops.
Roots and Stems
TOS Alignment
C.1.1: Identify the different plant parts.
C.1.2: Relate the major parts of the plants (leaf, stem, shoot, flower, and fruit) to their functions.
C.1.3: Classify major plant parts and their importance in agriculture.
C.1.4: Establish the role of plant parts in growth and development.
C.1.5: Compare the role of each plant part according to their functions.
Leaves and Plant Habit
TOS Alignment
C.1.1: Identify the different plant parts.
C.1.2: Relate the major parts of the plants (leaf, stem, shoot, flower, and fruit) to their functions.
C.1.3: Classify major plant parts and their importance in agriculture.
C.1.4: Establish the role of plant parts in growth and development.
C.1.5: Compare the role of each plant part according to their functions.
D.1.3: Identify the major processes involved in plant development.
D.1.4: Relate the physiological processes with various factors affecting crop production.
D.1.5: Indicate the different factors affecting each physiological process in plants.
D.1.6: Demonstrate the relationship of each physiological process with various factors affecting each process.
Flowers, Seeds, and Fruits
TOS Alignment
B.1.1: Identify major and minor agricultural crops grown in the Philippines.
C.1.1: Identify the different plant parts.
C.1.2: Relate the major parts of the plants (leaf, stem, shoot, flower, and fruit) to their functions.
C.1.3: Classify major plant parts and their importance in agriculture.
C.1.4: Establish the role of plant parts in growth and development.
C.1.5: Compare the role of each plant part according to their functions.
D.1.3: Identify the major processes involved in plant development.
Plant Life Processes
Explain how crops capture energy, produce and move assimilates, use water, and release energy for growth and yield.
7 lessons
Photosynthesis Basic Concepts and Importance
TOS Alignment
D.1.3: Identify the major processes involved in plant development.
D.1.4: Relate the physiological processes with various factors affecting crop production.
D.1.5: Indicate the different factors affecting each physiological process in plants.
D.1.6: Demonstrate the relationship of each physiological process with various factors affecting each process.
Light-Dependent and Light-Independent Reactions
TOS Alignment
D.1.3: Identify the major processes involved in plant development.
D.1.4: Relate the physiological processes with various factors affecting crop production.
D.1.5: Indicate the different factors affecting each physiological process in plants.
D.1.6: Demonstrate the relationship of each physiological process with various factors affecting each process.
C3, C4, and CAM Photosynthetic Pathways
TOS Alignment
D.1.4: Relate the physiological processes with various factors affecting crop production.
D.1.5: Indicate the different factors affecting each physiological process in plants.
D.1.6: Demonstrate the relationship of each physiological process with various factors affecting each process.
Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
TOS Alignment
D.1.4: Relate the physiological processes with various factors affecting crop production.
D.1.5: Indicate the different factors affecting each physiological process in plants.
D.1.6: Demonstrate the relationship of each physiological process with various factors affecting each process.
Respiration in Crop Plants
TOS Alignment
D.1.3: Identify the major processes involved in plant development.
D.1.4: Relate the physiological processes with various factors affecting crop production.
D.1.5: Indicate the different factors affecting each physiological process in plants.
D.1.6: Demonstrate the relationship of each physiological process with various factors affecting each process.
H.3.1: Analyze the concept on pre and postharvest factors as they affect postharvest quality of crops.
H.3.2: Enumerate the harvesting and post-production practices in different crops.
Transpiration and Water Movement
TOS Alignment
D.1.3: Identify the major processes involved in plant development.
D.1.4: Relate the physiological processes with various factors affecting crop production.
D.1.5: Indicate the different factors affecting each physiological process in plants.
D.1.6: Demonstrate the relationship of each physiological process with various factors affecting each process.
Translocation and Assimilate Partitioning
TOS Alignment
D.1.3: Identify the major processes involved in plant development.
D.1.4: Relate the physiological processes with various factors affecting crop production.
D.1.5: Indicate the different factors affecting each physiological process in plants.
D.1.6: Demonstrate the relationship of each physiological process with various factors affecting each process.
Growth, Development, Regulation, and Adaptation
Connect crop growth phases, developmental control, plant movements, hormones, and adaptation to management and yield.
6 lessons
Growth, Development, Differentiation, and Organization
TOS Alignment
D.1.1: Evaluate the concept and phases of plant growth and development as it affects crop production.
D.1.2: Relate the physiological phases of plant growth and development to optimum crop yield.
D.1.3: Identify the major processes involved in plant development.
Phases and Measurements of Plant Growth
TOS Alignment
D.1.1: Evaluate the concept and phases of plant growth and development as it affects crop production.
D.1.2: Relate the physiological phases of plant growth and development to optimum crop yield.
D.1.3: Identify the major processes involved in plant development.
D.1.5: Indicate the different factors affecting each physiological process in plants.
Concepts Related to Plant Growth
TOS Alignment
D.1.1: Evaluate the concept and phases of plant growth and development as it affects crop production.
D.1.2: Relate the physiological phases of plant growth and development to optimum crop yield.
D.1.4: Relate the physiological processes with various factors affecting crop production.
D.1.5: Indicate the different factors affecting each physiological process in plants.
D.1.6: Demonstrate the relationship of each physiological process with various factors affecting each process.
Plant Movements
TOS Alignment
D.1.3: Identify the major processes involved in plant development.
D.1.4: Relate the physiological processes with various factors affecting crop production.
D.1.5: Indicate the different factors affecting each physiological process in plants.
D.1.6: Demonstrate the relationship of each physiological process with various factors affecting each process.
Plant Growth Regulators and Phytohormones
TOS Alignment
D.1.3: Identify the major processes involved in plant development.
D.1.4: Relate the physiological processes with various factors affecting crop production.
D.1.5: Indicate the different factors affecting each physiological process in plants.
D.1.6: Demonstrate the relationship of each physiological process with various factors affecting each process.
Crop Adaptation
TOS Alignment
D.1.1: Evaluate the concept and phases of plant growth and development as it affects crop production.
D.1.2: Relate the physiological phases of plant growth and development to optimum crop yield.
D.1.4: Relate the physiological processes with various factors affecting crop production.
D.1.5: Indicate the different factors affecting each physiological process in plants.
D.1.6: Demonstrate the relationship of each physiological process with various factors affecting each process.
E.1.1: Identify the different abiotic factors affecting crop production.
E.1.3: Explain the importance of the various environmental factors affecting growth, development and yield of crops.
E.2.2: Determine the relationship between and among the biotic and abiotic factors affecting crop production and yield.
E.2.3: Demonstrate the importance of varietal selection for crop production.
I.1.2: Associate crop vis-a-vis environment for optimum yield in a particular site.
I.1.7: Determine the appropriate steps in the selection of a site for a specific crop production enterprise.
Factors Affecting Crop Production
Explain why the same crop or variety performs differently across sites, seasons, and management systems.
8 lessons
Genotype, Environment, and G x E Interaction
TOS Alignment
E.1.1: Identify the different abiotic factors affecting crop production.
E.1.3: Explain the importance of the various environmental factors affecting growth, development and yield of crops.
E.1.6: Explain the interaction of biotic and abiotic factors in the overall performance of crops.
E.1.7: Analyze the importance of biotic and abiotic factors in crop production.
E.2.1: Enumerate the different biotic and genetic factors affecting crop yield and production.
E.2.2: Determine the relationship between and among the biotic and abiotic factors affecting crop production and yield.
E.2.3: Demonstrate the importance of varietal selection for crop production.
E.2.4: Evaluate the biotic and abiotic factors affecting crop yield.
I.1.2: Associate crop vis-a-vis environment for optimum yield in a particular site.
Crop Production as a System
TOS Alignment
E.1.1: Identify the different abiotic factors affecting crop production.
E.1.2: Evaluate the effect of abiotic factors in crop yield and production.
E.1.4: Analyze the influence of each climatic element on the production and yield of crops.
E.1.5: Determine critical growth stages of major crops.
E.1.6: Explain the interaction of biotic and abiotic factors in the overall performance of crops.
E.1.7: Analyze the importance of biotic and abiotic factors in crop production.
E.2.1: Enumerate the different biotic and genetic factors affecting crop yield and production.
E.2.2: Determine the relationship between and among the biotic and abiotic factors affecting crop production and yield.
E.2.3: Demonstrate the importance of varietal selection for crop production.
E.2.4: Evaluate the biotic and abiotic factors affecting crop yield.
H.1.1: Identify the concepts and value of crop production to food security.
H.1.2: Distinguish basic production practices suitable for specific crops.
H.1.3: Differentiate various crop production practices in a crop production system.
H.1.4: Relate each crop production technique to the environmental, socio cultural and political factors.
H.2.4: Examine the principles and practices in growing and handling agronomic and horticultural crops.
H.3.1: Analyze the concept on pre and postharvest factors as they affect postharvest quality of crops.
H.3.2: Enumerate the harvesting and post-production practices in different crops.
Climate, Weather, Macroclimate, and Microclimate
TOS Alignment
E.1.1: Identify the different abiotic factors affecting crop production.
E.1.2: Evaluate the effect of abiotic factors in crop yield and production.
E.1.3: Explain the importance of the various environmental factors affecting growth, development and yield of crops.
E.1.4: Analyze the influence of each climatic element on the production and yield of crops.
E.1.5: Determine critical growth stages of major crops.
E.1.6: Explain the interaction of biotic and abiotic factors in the overall performance of crops.
E.1.7: Analyze the importance of biotic and abiotic factors in crop production.
E.2.2: Determine the relationship between and among the biotic and abiotic factors affecting crop production and yield.
E.2.3: Demonstrate the importance of varietal selection for crop production.
Precipitation, Water, and Drought Stress
TOS Alignment
D.1.4: Relate the physiological processes with various factors affecting crop production.
D.1.5: Indicate the different factors affecting each physiological process in plants.
E.1.1: Identify the different abiotic factors affecting crop production.
E.1.2: Evaluate the effect of abiotic factors in crop yield and production.
E.1.3: Explain the importance of the various environmental factors affecting growth, development and yield of crops.
E.1.4: Analyze the influence of each climatic element on the production and yield of crops.
E.1.5: Determine critical growth stages of major crops.
E.1.6: Explain the interaction of biotic and abiotic factors in the overall performance of crops.
E.2.3: Demonstrate the importance of varietal selection for crop production.
E.2.4: Evaluate the biotic and abiotic factors affecting crop yield.
H.1.2: Distinguish basic production practices suitable for specific crops.
H.1.4: Relate each crop production technique to the environmental, socio cultural and political factors.
H.2.4: Examine the principles and practices in growing and handling agronomic and horticultural crops.
Temperature, Light, Wind, Relative Humidity, and Gases
TOS Alignment
E.1.1: Identify the different abiotic factors affecting crop production.
E.1.2: Evaluate the effect of abiotic factors in crop yield and production.
E.1.3: Explain the importance of the various environmental factors affecting growth, development and yield of crops.
E.1.4: Analyze the influence of each climatic element on the production and yield of crops.
E.1.5: Determine critical growth stages of major crops.
E.1.6: Explain the interaction of biotic and abiotic factors in the overall performance of crops.
E.1.7: Analyze the importance of biotic and abiotic factors in crop production.
E.2.4: Evaluate the biotic and abiotic factors affecting crop yield.
H.1.4: Relate each crop production technique to the environmental, socio cultural and political factors.
Edaphic Factors and Soil Properties in Crop Production
TOS Alignment
E.1.1: Identify the different abiotic factors affecting crop production.
E.1.2: Evaluate the effect of abiotic factors in crop yield and production.
E.1.3: Explain the importance of the various environmental factors affecting growth, development and yield of crops.
E.1.6: Explain the interaction of biotic and abiotic factors in the overall performance of crops.
E.1.7: Analyze the importance of biotic and abiotic factors in crop production.
E.2.1: Enumerate the different biotic and genetic factors affecting crop yield and production.
E.2.2: Determine the relationship between and among the biotic and abiotic factors affecting crop production and yield.
E.2.4: Evaluate the biotic and abiotic factors affecting crop yield.
Biotic, Genetic, and Human Factors
TOS Alignment
E.1.6: Explain the interaction of biotic and abiotic factors in the overall performance of crops.
E.1.7: Analyze the importance of biotic and abiotic factors in crop production.
E.2.1: Enumerate the different biotic and genetic factors affecting crop yield and production.
E.2.2: Determine the relationship between and among the biotic and abiotic factors affecting crop production and yield.
E.2.3: Demonstrate the importance of varietal selection for crop production.
E.2.4: Evaluate the biotic and abiotic factors affecting crop yield.
Philippine Climate Classification for Crop Suitability
TOS Alignment
E.1.2: Evaluate the effect of abiotic factors in crop yield and production.
E.1.3: Explain the importance of the various environmental factors affecting growth, development and yield of crops.
E.1.4: Analyze the influence of each climatic element on the production and yield of crops.
E.1.5: Determine critical growth stages of major crops.
I.1.1: Identify desirable characteristics of site for a crop production enterprise.
I.1.2: Associate crop vis-a-vis environment for optimum yield in a particular site.
I.1.3: Analyze the relationship of important terminologies in understanding the significance of site selection for a crop production enterprise.
I.1.4: Choose appropriate sites for a successful crop production enterprise for specific crops.
I.1.7: Determine the appropriate steps in the selection of a site for a specific crop production enterprise.
Crop Improvement, Seed Selection, and Biotechnology
Genetics, variance and heritability, cross types, breeding methods, heterosis and combining ability, biotechnology, germplasm, variety testing, hybrid seed systems, seed quality, certification, and testing.
8 lessons
Basic Genetics for Crop Improvement
TOS Alignment
F.1.1: Recall the basic concepts in genetics.
F.1.2: Apply the basic concepts of genetics in plant breeding.
F.1.6: Compare the breeding techniques suitable for a particular purpose.
Objectives and Steps in Plant Breeding
TOS Alignment
F.1.2: Apply the basic concepts of genetics in plant breeding.
F.1.3: Identify different breeding methods.
F.1.5: Demonstrate the different breeding methods used for crop improvement.
F.1.6: Compare the breeding techniques suitable for a particular purpose.
F.3.2: Identify the different practices in seed production and handling.
Sources and Creation of Genetic Variation
TOS Alignment
F.1.1: Recall the basic concepts in genetics.
F.1.2: Apply the basic concepts of genetics in plant breeding.
F.1.3: Identify different breeding methods.
F.1.4: Differentiate conventional with non-conventional breeding techniques.
F.1.5: Demonstrate the different breeding methods used for crop improvement.
F.1.6: Compare the breeding techniques suitable for a particular purpose.
F.2.1: Identify biotechnology tools used in crop improvement.
F.2.2: Assess the importance and utility of the various biotechnology tools in crop improvement.
F.2.3: Integrate the various concepts of conventional breeding techniques with biotechnology tools.
F.2.4: Evaluate the various advances and trends in crop improvement.
Conventional and Non-Conventional Breeding Methods
TOS Alignment
F.1.1: Recall the basic concepts in genetics.
F.1.2: Apply the basic concepts of genetics in plant breeding.
F.1.3: Identify different breeding methods.
F.1.4: Differentiate conventional with non-conventional breeding techniques.
F.1.5: Demonstrate the different breeding methods used for crop improvement.
F.1.6: Compare the breeding techniques suitable for a particular purpose.
F.2.1: Identify biotechnology tools used in crop improvement.
F.2.2: Assess the importance and utility of the various biotechnology tools in crop improvement.
F.2.3: Integrate the various concepts of conventional breeding techniques with biotechnology tools.
F.3.2: Identify the different practices in seed production and handling.
F.3.3: Compare the basic steps in in the production, certification and distribution of certified seeds.
Biotechnology Tools in Crop Improvement
TOS Alignment
A.2.3: Explain the principles and applications of Biotechnology, Patents and other directions in Agriculture.
F.1.4: Differentiate conventional with non-conventional breeding techniques.
F.2.1: Identify biotechnology tools used in crop improvement.
F.2.2: Assess the importance and utility of the various biotechnology tools in crop improvement.
F.2.3: Integrate the various concepts of conventional breeding techniques with biotechnology tools.
F.2.4: Evaluate the various advances and trends in crop improvement.
Germplasm Conservation and Intellectual Property
TOS Alignment
A.2.3: Explain the principles and applications of Biotechnology, Patents and other directions in Agriculture.
F.1.1: Recall the basic concepts in genetics.
F.1.2: Apply the basic concepts of genetics in plant breeding.
F.1.3: Identify different breeding methods.
F.1.5: Demonstrate the different breeding methods used for crop improvement.
F.2.1: Identify biotechnology tools used in crop improvement.
F.2.4: Evaluate the various advances and trends in crop improvement.
Seed Quality, Seed Classes, and Certification
TOS Alignment
F.1.1: Recall the basic concepts in genetics.
F.3.1: Illustrate the importance of evaluating seed quality.
F.3.2: Identify the different practices in seed production and handling.
F.3.3: Compare the basic steps in in the production, certification and distribution of certified seeds.
Seed Testing and Seed Analysis
TOS Alignment
F.3.1: Illustrate the importance of evaluating seed quality.
F.3.2: Identify the different practices in seed production and handling.
F.3.3: Compare the basic steps in in the production, certification and distribution of certified seeds.
Plant Propagation and Nursery Practices
Organize sexual and asexual propagation methods and connect each method to crop, planting material, and nursery purpose.
7 lessons
Sexual Propagation and Seed Germination
TOS Alignment
D.1.3: Identify the major processes involved in plant development.
H.2.1: Choose the various types of planting materials for a specific crop.
H.2.3: Recommend appropriate methods and practices of plant propagation suitable to a crop.
H.2.4: Examine the principles and practices in growing and handling agronomic and horticultural crops.
Seed Dormancy, Quiescence, and Dormancy Breaking
TOS Alignment
H.2.1: Choose the various types of planting materials for a specific crop.
H.2.2: Classify methods and preparation of planting materials.
H.2.3: Recommend appropriate methods and practices of plant propagation suitable to a crop.
H.2.4: Examine the principles and practices in growing and handling agronomic and horticultural crops.
Asexual Propagation: Concepts and Purposes
TOS Alignment
H.2.1: Choose the various types of planting materials for a specific crop.
H.2.2: Classify methods and preparation of planting materials.
H.2.3: Recommend appropriate methods and practices of plant propagation suitable to a crop.
H.2.4: Examine the principles and practices in growing and handling agronomic and horticultural crops.
Separation and Division Methods
TOS Alignment
H.2.1: Choose the various types of planting materials for a specific crop.
H.2.2: Classify methods and preparation of planting materials.
H.2.3: Recommend appropriate methods and practices of plant propagation suitable to a crop.
H.2.4: Examine the principles and practices in growing and handling agronomic and horticultural crops.
Cuttings, Layering, and Marcotting
TOS Alignment
H.2.1: Choose the various types of planting materials for a specific crop.
H.2.2: Classify methods and preparation of planting materials.
H.2.3: Recommend appropriate methods and practices of plant propagation suitable to a crop.
H.2.4: Examine the principles and practices in growing and handling agronomic and horticultural crops.
Grafting, Budding, and Inarching
TOS Alignment
H.2.1: Choose the various types of planting materials for a specific crop.
H.2.2: Classify methods and preparation of planting materials.
H.2.3: Recommend appropriate methods and practices of plant propagation suitable to a crop.
H.2.4: Examine the principles and practices in growing and handling agronomic and horticultural crops.
Tissue Culture and Specialized Propagation
TOS Alignment
H.2.1: Choose the various types of planting materials for a specific crop.
H.2.2: Classify methods and preparation of planting materials.
H.2.3: Recommend appropriate methods and practices of plant propagation suitable to a crop.
H.2.4: Examine the principles and practices in growing and handling agronomic and horticultural crops.
Sustainable Crop Production and Farming Systems
Sustainability, resource conservation, integrated management, alternative farming, fallow and ley systems, farming types, cropping systems, Sorjan and multistorey patterns, SALT, agroforestry, and integrated systems.
8 lessons
Resource Conservation and Diversification
TOS Alignment
G.1.1: Define sustainable crop production.
G.1.2: Determine the fundamental concepts of sustainable agriculture.
G.1.3: Assess the adequacy of sustainable crop production for food security and climate-change mitigation.
G.2.1: Employ the various techniques applied in sustainable crop production.
G.2.2: Describe the importance of sustainable crop production to the environment and biodiversity.
G.2.3: Employ the concepts and approaches of sustainable crop production to crop productivity.
Concepts and Principles of Sustainable Agriculture
TOS Alignment
G.1.1: Define sustainable crop production.
G.1.2: Determine the fundamental concepts of sustainable agriculture.
G.1.3: Assess the adequacy of sustainable crop production for food security and climate-change mitigation.
G.2.1: Employ the various techniques applied in sustainable crop production.
G.2.2: Describe the importance of sustainable crop production to the environment and biodiversity.
G.2.3: Employ the concepts and approaches of sustainable crop production to crop productivity.
Integrated Nutrient Management and Integrated Pest Management
TOS Alignment
G.1.1: Define sustainable crop production.
G.1.2: Determine the fundamental concepts of sustainable agriculture.
G.1.3: Assess the adequacy of sustainable crop production for food security and climate-change mitigation.
G.2.1: Employ the various techniques applied in sustainable crop production.
G.2.2: Describe the importance of sustainable crop production to the environment and biodiversity.
G.2.3: Employ the concepts and approaches of sustainable crop production to crop productivity.
Organic, Natural, Biological, Biodynamic, and Regenerative Farming
TOS Alignment
G.1.2: Determine the fundamental concepts of sustainable agriculture.
G.2.1: Employ the various techniques applied in sustainable crop production.
G.2.2: Describe the importance of sustainable crop production to the environment and biodiversity.
G.2.3: Employ the concepts and approaches of sustainable crop production to crop productivity.
Precision Agriculture and Site-Specific Management
TOS Alignment
G.1.2: Determine the fundamental concepts of sustainable agriculture.
G.1.3: Assess the adequacy of sustainable crop production for food security and climate-change mitigation.
G.2.1: Employ the various techniques applied in sustainable crop production.
G.2.2: Describe the importance of sustainable crop production to the environment and biodiversity.
G.2.3: Employ the concepts and approaches of sustainable crop production to crop productivity.
Farming Systems
TOS Alignment
G.1.2: Determine the fundamental concepts of sustainable agriculture.
G.1.3: Assess the adequacy of sustainable crop production for food security and climate-change mitigation.
G.2.1: Employ the various techniques applied in sustainable crop production.
G.2.2: Describe the importance of sustainable crop production to the environment and biodiversity.
G.2.3: Employ the concepts and approaches of sustainable crop production to crop productivity.
Cropping Systems and Cropping Patterns
TOS Alignment
G.1.1: Define sustainable crop production.
G.1.2: Determine the fundamental concepts of sustainable agriculture.
G.1.3: Assess the adequacy of sustainable crop production for food security and climate-change mitigation.
G.2.1: Employ the various techniques applied in sustainable crop production.
G.2.2: Describe the importance of sustainable crop production to the environment and biodiversity.
G.2.3: Employ the concepts and approaches of sustainable crop production to crop productivity.
SALT, Agroforestry, LEISA, and Integrated Food Systems
TOS Alignment
G.1.1: Define sustainable crop production.
G.1.2: Determine the fundamental concepts of sustainable agriculture.
G.1.3: Assess the adequacy of sustainable crop production for food security and climate-change mitigation.
G.2.1: Employ the various techniques applied in sustainable crop production.
G.2.2: Describe the importance of sustainable crop production to the environment and biodiversity.
G.2.3: Employ the concepts and approaches of sustainable crop production to crop productivity.
Site Selection and Characterization
Guide crop-site matching and enterprise decisions using physical, environmental, biological, and socio-economic evidence.
4 lessons
Principles of Site Selection for Crop Production
TOS Alignment
I.1.1: Identify desirable characteristics of site for a crop production enterprise.
I.1.2: Associate crop vis-a-vis environment for optimum yield in a particular site.
I.1.3: Analyze the relationship of important terminologies in understanding the significance of site selection for a crop production enterprise.
I.1.4: Choose appropriate sites for a successful crop production enterprise for specific crops.
I.1.5: Establish procedures in the selection of location, site and planting methods for various crops.
I.1.7: Determine the appropriate steps in the selection of a site for a specific crop production enterprise.
Physical and Environmental Site Factors
TOS Alignment
I.1.1: Identify desirable characteristics of site for a crop production enterprise.
I.1.2: Associate crop vis-a-vis environment for optimum yield in a particular site.
I.1.3: Analyze the relationship of important terminologies in understanding the significance of site selection for a crop production enterprise.
I.1.4: Choose appropriate sites for a successful crop production enterprise for specific crops.
I.1.5: Establish procedures in the selection of location, site and planting methods for various crops.
I.1.7: Determine the appropriate steps in the selection of a site for a specific crop production enterprise.
Biological and Socio-Economic Site Factors
TOS Alignment
I.1.1: Identify desirable characteristics of site for a crop production enterprise.
I.1.2: Associate crop vis-a-vis environment for optimum yield in a particular site.
I.1.3: Analyze the relationship of important terminologies in understanding the significance of site selection for a crop production enterprise.
I.1.4: Choose appropriate sites for a successful crop production enterprise for specific crops.
I.1.5: Establish procedures in the selection of location, site and planting methods for various crops.
I.1.7: Determine the appropriate steps in the selection of a site for a specific crop production enterprise.
Site Evaluation Procedure and Planting Method Decision
TOS Alignment
I.1.1: Identify desirable characteristics of site for a crop production enterprise.
I.1.2: Associate crop vis-a-vis environment for optimum yield in a particular site.
I.1.3: Analyze the relationship of important terminologies in understanding the significance of site selection for a crop production enterprise.
I.1.4: Choose appropriate sites for a successful crop production enterprise for specific crops.
I.1.5: Establish procedures in the selection of location, site and planting methods for various crops.
I.1.6: Compare the planting methods that can be used for a particular proposed site of a crop production enterprise.
I.1.7: Determine the appropriate steps in the selection of a site for a specific crop production enterprise.
Land Preparation, Planting, and Crop Establishment
Land preparation, tillage, planting materials, seed enhancement, planting methods, population, rice nursery systems, nursery care, and crop establishment.
6 lessons
Land Preparation for Annual and Perennial Crops
TOS Alignment
H.1.1: Identify the concepts and value of crop production to food security.
H.1.2: Distinguish basic production practices suitable for specific crops.
H.1.3: Differentiate various crop production practices in a crop production system.
H.1.4: Relate each crop production technique to the environmental, socio cultural and political factors.
H.2.4: Examine the principles and practices in growing and handling agronomic and horticultural crops.
Tillage Operations and Tillage Patterns
TOS Alignment
H.1.2: Distinguish basic production practices suitable for specific crops.
H.1.3: Differentiate various crop production practices in a crop production system.
H.1.4: Relate each crop production technique to the environmental, socio cultural and political factors.
H.2.4: Examine the principles and practices in growing and handling agronomic and horticultural crops.
Planting Materials and Selection
TOS Alignment
H.1.2: Distinguish basic production practices suitable for specific crops.
H.2.1: Choose the various types of planting materials for a specific crop.
H.2.2: Classify methods and preparation of planting materials.
H.2.3: Recommend appropriate methods and practices of plant propagation suitable to a crop.
H.2.4: Examine the principles and practices in growing and handling agronomic and horticultural crops.
Planting Methods and Planting Depth
TOS Alignment
H.1.2: Distinguish basic production practices suitable for specific crops.
H.1.3: Differentiate various crop production practices in a crop production system.
H.1.4: Relate each crop production technique to the environmental, socio cultural and political factors.
H.2.1: Choose the various types of planting materials for a specific crop.
H.2.2: Classify methods and preparation of planting materials.
H.2.3: Recommend appropriate methods and practices of plant propagation suitable to a crop.
H.2.4: Examine the principles and practices in growing and handling agronomic and horticultural crops.
I.1.6: Compare the planting methods that can be used for a particular proposed site of a crop production enterprise.
Seeding Rate and Plant Population Computation
TOS Alignment
H.2.5: Calculate the seeding rate for specific crops for optimum crop yield and crop production.
Nursery Practices and Seedling Establishment
TOS Alignment
H.1.2: Distinguish basic production practices suitable for specific crops.
H.1.3: Differentiate various crop production practices in a crop production system.
H.1.4: Relate each crop production technique to the environmental, socio cultural and political factors.
H.2.3: Recommend appropriate methods and practices of plant propagation suitable to a crop.
H.2.4: Examine the principles and practices in growing and handling agronomic and horticultural crops.
H.2.5: Calculate the seeding rate for specific crops for optimum crop yield and crop production.
I.1.1: Identify desirable characteristics of site for a crop production enterprise.
I.1.6: Compare the planting methods that can be used for a particular proposed site of a crop production enterprise.
Crop Management, Harvesting, and Applied Crop Science
Water and fertility management, specialized practices, maturity types and indices, harvest, durable and perishable commodities, postharvest deterioration, packaging, cooling, atmosphere management, enterprise calculations, landscaping, varieties, and production geography.
10 lessons
Water Management in Crop Production
TOS Alignment
B.1.1: Identify major and minor agricultural crops grown in the Philippines.
H.1.1: Identify the concepts and value of crop production to food security.
H.1.2: Distinguish basic production practices suitable for specific crops.
H.1.3: Differentiate various crop production practices in a crop production system.
H.1.4: Relate each crop production technique to the environmental, socio cultural and political factors.
H.2.4: Examine the principles and practices in growing and handling agronomic and horticultural crops.
Soil Fertility Management for Crop Production
TOS Alignment
H.1.1: Identify the concepts and value of crop production to food security.
H.1.2: Distinguish basic production practices suitable for specific crops.
H.1.3: Differentiate various crop production practices in a crop production system.
H.1.4: Relate each crop production technique to the environmental, socio cultural and political factors.
H.2.4: Examine the principles and practices in growing and handling agronomic and horticultural crops.
Specialized Crop Production Practices
TOS Alignment
H.1.2: Distinguish basic production practices suitable for specific crops.
H.1.3: Differentiate various crop production practices in a crop production system.
H.1.4: Relate each crop production technique to the environmental, socio cultural and political factors.
H.2.4: Examine the principles and practices in growing and handling agronomic and horticultural crops.
Harvesting and Maturity Indices
TOS Alignment
H.1.1: Identify the concepts and value of crop production to food security.
H.1.2: Distinguish basic production practices suitable for specific crops.
H.1.4: Relate each crop production technique to the environmental, socio cultural and political factors.
H.3.1: Analyze the concept on pre and postharvest factors as they affect postharvest quality of crops.
H.3.2: Enumerate the harvesting and post-production practices in different crops.
H.3.3: Distinguish types of maturity and maturity indices.
Postharvest Handling and Crop Deterioration
TOS Alignment
H.1.1: Identify the concepts and value of crop production to food security.
H.3.1: Analyze the concept on pre and postharvest factors as they affect postharvest quality of crops.
H.3.2: Enumerate the harvesting and post-production practices in different crops.
Packaging, Storage, and Shelf-Life Management
TOS Alignment
H.3.1: Analyze the concept on pre and postharvest factors as they affect postharvest quality of crops.
H.3.2: Enumerate the harvesting and post-production practices in different crops.
H.3.3: Distinguish types of maturity and maturity indices.
Farm Entrepreneurship in Crop Production
TOS Alignment
H.1.3: Differentiate various crop production practices in a crop production system.
H.1.4: Relate each crop production technique to the environmental, socio cultural and political factors.
Tropical Landscaping
TOS Alignment
B.1.4: Determine the different methods used in classifying crops.
B.1.7: Apply the different systems of plant classification based on use and functionality.
H.2.4: Examine the principles and practices in growing and handling agronomic and horticultural crops.
Recommended Crop Varieties and Major Production Areas
TOS Alignment
B.1.2: Compare the origin and geographic distribution of different high-value crops.
B.1.3: Discriminate crops based on their agricultural classification.
B.1.5: Differentiate crops based on their binomial nomenclature and taxonomy.
E.2.3: Demonstrate the importance of varietal selection for crop production.
F.3.1: Illustrate the importance of evaluating seed quality.
I.1.1: Identify desirable characteristics of site for a crop production enterprise.
I.1.2: Associate crop vis-a-vis environment for optimum yield in a particular site.
I.1.4: Choose appropriate sites for a successful crop production enterprise for specific crops.
Supplemental High-Yield Foundations and Reference Drills
Close coverage gaps, deepen frequently tested foundations, and separate time-sensitive reference topics from stable core lessons
8 lessons
