Agricultural Economics and Marketing

Economics of agricultural production and marketing

14 topics and 128 published lessons.

Foundations of Economics and Agricultural Economics

Build the vocabulary and reasoning framework needed before production, market, macroeconomic, trade, and marketing analysis.

6 published lessons

  • Defining Economics and Agricultural Economics
  • Scarcity, Choice, Trade Offs, and Opportunity Cost
  • Marginal Analysis, Efficiency, Equity, and Economic Goals
  • Economic Models: Production Possibilities Frontier and Circular Flow
  • Major Fields, Positive and Normative Economics, and Economic Evidence
  • Economic Systems, Ideologies, and Development of Economic Thought

Agricultural Production Economics

Explain how farm inputs are transformed into outputs and how technical relationships guide economically rational input and enterprise decisions.

11 published lessons

  • Farm Firm, Enterprise, Production Process, Inputs, and Outputs
  • Production Functions and Input Output Relationships
  • Production Functions and Input-Output Relationships
  • Production Functions and Input-Output Relationships
  • Total, Average, and Marginal Physical Product
  • Law of Diminishing Marginal Returns and the Three Stages of Production
  • Factors of Production and Factor Payments
  • Very Short Run, Short Run, Long Run, and Planning Horizon
  • Returns to Scale, Economies of Scale, and Diseconomies of Scale
  • Factor-Factor Relationships, Isoquants, Isocosts, and Least-Cost Combination
  • Product-Product Relationships and Optimal Enterprise Combination

Production Costs, Revenue, Profit, and Farm Decisions

Translate physical production relationships into cost, revenue, and profit decisions at the farm and firm levels.

8 published lessons

  • Opportunity, Explicit, Implicit, Accounting, Economic, Social, and Environmental Costs
  • Short Run Cost Concepts and Curves
  • Long Run Costs and Minimum Efficient Scale
  • Revenue, Gross Income, Gross Margin, and Net Farm Income
  • Accounting Profit, Economic Profit, Normal Profit, and Loss
  • Profit Maximization, Break Even, Shutdown, and Exit
  • Production Costs, Marginal Cost, and the Supply Curve
  • Agricultural Risk, Uncertainty, Insurance, and Decision Making

Demand, Supply, Market Equilibrium, and Government Intervention

Develop precise shift analysis and equilibrium reasoning for agricultural commodities and policy interventions.

9 published lessons

  • Demand, Quantity Demanded, Schedules, Curves, and the Law of Demand
  • Demand Determinants and Changes in Demand
  • Types of Demand and Classification of Goods
  • Supply, Quantity Supplied, Schedules, Curves, and Agricultural Supply
  • Supply Determinants and Changes in Supply
  • Supply and Demand Equilibrium, Surplus, and Shortage
  • Price Ceilings, Price Floors, Support Prices, Procurement, and Buffer Stocks
  • Taxes, Subsidies, Tax Incidence, and Agricultural Policy
  • Consumer Surplus, Producer Surplus, Total Surplus, and Deadweight Loss

Elasticity and Consumer Behavior

Measure responsiveness and explain how consumers allocate limited income among goods.

8 published lessons

  • Price Elasticity of Demand: Concepts, Computation, and Classification
  • Determinants of Demand Elasticity and the Total Revenue Test
  • Income Elasticity and Cross Price Elasticity of Demand
  • Price Elasticity of Supply and Agricultural Supply Response
  • Elasticity Applications in Farmer Income and Government Policy
  • Utility, Total Utility, Marginal Utility, and Diminishing Marginal Utility
  • Consumer Equilibrium: Marginal Utility per Peso and Equimarginal Condition
  • Indifference Curves, Budget Lines, and Ordinal Consumer Equilibrium

Market Structures and Agricultural Price Behavior

Explain how competition, concentration, strategic behavior, and time affect prices and output.

8 published lessons

  • Market Concepts and Perfect Competition
  • Monopoly and Monopsony in Agricultural Markets
  • Monopolistic Competition and Product Differentiation
  • Oligopoly, Strategic Behavior, Game Theory, and Price Leadership
  • Market Structure, Conduct, and Performance Framework
  • Agricultural Price Roles, Differentials, and Instability
  • Seasonal, Annual, Trend, Cyclical, and Random Price Movements
  • Price Discovery, Negotiation, Auctions, Exchanges, Futures, and Administered Prices

National Income Accounting and Macroeconomic Measurement

Build accurate national accounting concepts and calculation skills, with attention to agriculture and avoidance of double counting.

7 published lessons

  • Circular Flow and the Macroeconomic Economy
  • GDP, GNP, GNI, and National Income Concepts
  • Expenditure, Income, and Value Added Approaches to GDP
  • Final Goods, Intermediate Goods, Inventories, and Avoiding Double Counting
  • Nominal GDP, Real GDP, GDP Deflator, CPI, and Inflation Measurement
  • Personal Income, Disposable Income, Per Capita Measures, and Purchasing Power
  • Limits of GDP and Interpreting Agriculture in National Accounts

Aggregate Demand, Consumption, Saving, Investment, Employment, Inflation, and Business Cycles

Explain the principal macroeconomic spending functions and diagnose labor market and price level conditions.

6 published lessons

  • Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply Foundations
  • Consumption Function, APC, and MPC
  • Saving Function, APS, MPS, and Consumption-Saving Identities
  • Simple Income Determination and the Keynesian Multiplier
  • Investment Function, Interest Rates, Expectations, and Agricultural Capital
  • Business Cycles and Agricultural Transmission

Money, Banking, Monetary Policy, Fiscal Policy, and Public Finance

Explain money, financial intermediation, policy instruments, and how public decisions influence national income and agriculture.

12 published lessons

  • Labor Force Status, Employment, Unemployment, and Underemployment
  • Types, Causes, and Effects of Unemployment
  • Inflation, Deflation, Disinflation, Causes, Effects, and Policy Responses
  • Evolution, Functions, and Types of Money
  • Demand for Money and Money Supply Measures
  • Commercial Banking, Reserves, Credit Creation, and the Money Multiplier
  • Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas and the Philippine Financial System
  • Monetary Policy Instruments and Transmission
  • Fiscal Policy, Government Spending, Taxation, and the National Budget
  • Tax Systems, Tax Burden, and Agricultural Applications
  • Monetary Policy versus Fiscal Policy and Policy Mix
  • IS-LM Framework, Crowding Out, Liquidity Trap, and Policy Limits

Agriculture, Economic Growth, Development, and Philippine Policy

Connect agriculture to structural transformation, human welfare, sustainability, and the Philippine institutional and legal environment.

8 published lessons

  • Economic Growth, Economic Development, Agricultural Development, and Sustainability
  • Role of Agriculture in Economic Development and Structural Transformation
  • Intensive and Extensive Agriculture, Land and Labor Productivity, and Scale
  • Strategies for Economic and Agricultural Development
  • Food Security, Food Self-Sufficiency, Poverty, and Rural Development
  • Agricultural Modernization, Infrastructure, Research, Extension, Credit, and Insurance
  • Philippine Agricultural Institutions, Programs, and Policy Instruments
  • Agricultural Laws and Legal Parameters for Economic and Marketing Analysis

International Economics, Trade Policy, Balance of Payments, and Globalization

Explain why countries trade, how trade policies change agricultural markets, and how foreign exchange and global integration affect the Philippine economy.

11 published lessons

  • International Trade, International Finance, and Reasons for Trade
  • Absolute Advantage, Comparative Advantage, and Specialization
  • Gains from Trade, World Price, Terms of Trade, and Distributional Effects
  • Free Trade, Protectionism, Food Security, and Agricultural Adjustment
  • Tariffs, Quotas, Tariff Rate Quotas, Licenses, Subsidies, and Nontariff Measures
  • Tariffs, Quotas, Tariff-Rate Quotas, Licenses, Subsidies, and Nontariff Measures
  • Dumping, Countervailing Measures, Safeguards, and Trade Remedies
  • GATT, WTO, and Stages of Economic Integration
  • Balance of Payments and Its Accounts
  • Foreign Exchange, Appreciation, Depreciation, and Exchange Rate Systems
  • International Reserves, Capital Flows, Globalization, and Agricultural Value Chains

Foundations, Systems, Approaches, and Functions of Agricultural Marketing

Explain agricultural marketing as a coordinated value creating system from first sale to final consumption.

10 published lessons

  • Agricultural Marketing, Market, Point of Production, and Point of Consumption
  • Characteristics of Agricultural Products and Marketing Problems
  • Marketing Services, Utilities, Value Addition, and Consumer Orientation
  • Agricultural Marketing System, Subsystems, Flows, and Marketing Process
  • Commodity, Institutional, Functional, and Structure–Conduct–Performance Approaches
  • Commodity, Institutional, Functional, and Structure Conduct Performance Approaches
  • Exchange Functions: Buying, Selling, Negotiation, and Transfer of Ownership
  • Physical Functions: Transportation, Storage, Processing, and Handling
  • Grading, Standardization, Packaging, Labeling, Financing, and Risk Bearing
  • Market Intelligence, Market Information, Market Research, and Demand Creation

Marketing Intermediaries, Channels, Costs, Margins, Efficiency, and Integration

Trace product movement and explain how actors, services, costs, and margins affect producer and consumer outcomes.

9 published lessons

  • Merchant Middlemen, Agent Middlemen, Processors, and Facilitative Organizations
  • Assembly, Wholesale, Retail, Terminal, Auction, Institutional, and Digital Markets
  • Marketing Channels and Channel Levels for Agricultural Products
  • Channel Selection, Coordination, Service Outputs, and Distribution Intensity
  • Marketing Channel, Supply Chain, Value Chain, and Market Integration
  • Marketing Costs, Charges, Losses, and Cost Allocation
  • Marketing Margins, Percentage Margin, Markup, and the Consumer Peso
  • Marketing Efficiency, Operational Efficiency, Pricing Efficiency, and Measurement
  • Transportation Economics, Market Areas, Storage Decisions, and Spatial Price Analysis

Marketing Program, Farm Business Analysis, Investment Appraisal, and Cooperatives

Complete the marketing decision framework and provide applied financial tools that support agricultural enterprise and cooperative decisions.

10 published lessons

  • Product Classifications, Product Levels, and Agricultural Product Strategy
  • Product Quality, Branding, Packaging, Labeling, Standards, and Certification
  • Pricing Objectives, Methods, Discounts, and Geographic Pricing
  • Place, Physical Distribution, Logistics, and Promotion Mix
  • Agricultural Advertising, Trade Promotion, Consumer Promotion, and Campaign Evaluation
  • Farm Financial Concepts, Depreciation, Break-Even Price, Yield, and Output
  • Enterprise, Partial, Cash Flow, and Whole Farm Budgets
  • Time Value of Money, Payback, ROI, NPV, BCR, and IRR
  • Cooperative Principles, Types, Functions, Governance, and Finance
  • Liquidity, Solvency, Profitability, Repayment Capacity, and Integrated Decision Drills